SirCannabisClock 2010-01-27 16:41:10 (Updated 2010-01-27 17:10:34)

YOU. WOULDN'T. STEAL. A CAR.

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YOU. WOULDN'T. STEAL. A. TELEVISION.

YOU. WOULDN'T. STEAL. A. MOVIE.

DOWNLOADING.

PIRATED.

FILMS.

IS.

STEALING.

STEALING.

IS. AGAINST.

THE. LAW.

PIRACY. IT'S AN CRIME.

SirCannabisClock 2010-01-31 05:16:18

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SirCannabisClock 2010-02-03 23:26:52

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SirCannabisClock 2010-02-14 13:25:29

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SirCannabisClock 2010-02-17 13:15:26

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SirCannabisClock 2010-02-20 00:20:59

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SirCannabisClock 2010-02-20 12:53:09

two

SirCannabisClock 2010-03-08 19:12:17

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SirCannabisClock 2010-03-13 18:53:10

The dog (Canis lupus familiaris,[1]pronounced /%u02C8ke%u026An%u0268s %u02C8lu%u02D0p%u0259s f%u0259%u02C8m%u026Ali.%u025B%u02 59r%u0268s/) is a domesticated form of the wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties. The domestic dog has been one of the most widely kept working and companion animals in human history. The word "dog" may also mean the male of a canine species,[2] as opposed to the word "bitch" for the female of the species.[3]

The dog quickly became ubiquitous across culture across the world, and was extremely valuable to early human settlements. For instance, it is believed that the successful emigration across the Bering Strait might not have been possible without sled dogs.[4] Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This versatility, more than almost any other known animal, has given them the nickname "Man's best friend" in the western world. Currently, there are estimated to be 400 million dogs in the world.[5]

Over the 15,000 year span that the dog had been domesticated, it diverged into only a handful of landraces, groups of similar animals whose morphology and behavior have been shaped by environmental factors and functional roles. As the modern understanding of genetics developed, humans began to intentionally breed dogs for a wide range of specific traits. Through this process, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.[6] For example, height measured to the withers ranges from a few inches in the Chihuahua to a few feet in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue'") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth.[7] It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Etymology and related terminology
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 History and evolution
o 3.1 Roles with humans
+ 3.1.1 Early roles
+ 3.1.2 As pets
+ 3.1.3 Work
+ 3.1.4 Sports and shows
+ 3.1.5 As a food source
+ 3.1.6 Health risks to humans
+ 3.1.7 Health benefits for humans
+ 3.1.8 Shelters
* 4 Biology
o 4.1 Senses
+ 4.1.1 Sight
+ 4.1.2 Hearing
+ 4.1.3 Smell
o 4.2 Physical characteristics
+ 4.2.1 Coat
+ 4.2.2 Tail
o 4.3 Types and breeds
o 4.4 Health
+ 4.4.1 Mortality
+ 4.4.2 Predation
o 4.5 Diet
o 4.6 Reproduction
o 4.7 Neutering
* 5 Intelligence and behavior
o 5.1 Intelligence
o 5.2 Behavior
* 6 Differences from wolves
o 6.1 Physical characteristics
o 6.2 Behavior
o 6.3 Trainability
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

Etymology and related terminology

Dog is the common use term that refers to members of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris. The term is sometimes used to refer to a wider range of species: it can be used to refer to some belonging to the family Canidae, which includes foxes, jackals, Bush Dog, the cape dog Lycaon and coyotes and many others; or it can be used to refer to the subfamily of Caninae, or the genus Canis, also often called the "true dogs," which genus includes only the wolf, jackal, coyote, and dog.[8] Some members of the family have "dog" in their common names, such as the Raccoon Dog and the African Wild Dog. A few animals have "dog" in their common names but are not canids, such as the prairie dog and the dog fish.

The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed".[9] The term may derive from Proto-Germanic *dukk%u014Dn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle").[10] The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.[11] Due to the archaic structure of the word, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary, reflecting the role of the dog as the earliest domesticated animal.[12]

Hound was traditionally the general word for all domestic canines, and dog was reserved for mastiffs and similar breeds. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. Hound, cognate to German Hund, Dutch hond, common Scandinavian hund, and Icelandic hundur, is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European *kwon- "dog", found in Welsh ci (plural cwn), Latin canis, Greek ký%u014Dn, Lithuanian %u0161uõ.[13]

In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are generally called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, (cf. German Welpe, Dutch welp, Swedish valp, Icelandic hvelpur) .[14]
Taxonomy

The domestic dog was originally classified as Canis familiaris and Canis familiarus domesticus by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758,[15][16] and was reclassified in 1993 as Canis lupus familiaris, a subspecies of the gray wolf Canis lupus, by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists. Overwhelming evidence from behavior, vocalizations, morphology, and molecular biology led to the contemporary scientific understanding that a single species, the gray wolf, is the common ancestor for all breeds of domestic dogs;[4][17] however, the timeframe and mechanisms by which dogs diverged are controversial.[4]History and evolution
Main article: Origin of the domestic dog
A hunter with a large pack of beagles, a breed of hunting dogs

Domestic dogs inherited a complex social hierarchy and behaviors from their wolf ancestors. Dogs are pack animals with a complex set of behaviors related to determining each dog's position in the social hierarchy, and they exhibit various postures and other means of nonverbal communication that reveal their states of mind.[1] These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have earned dogs a unique relationship with humans despite being potentially dangerous apex predators.[4]

Although experts largely disagree over the details of dog domestication, it is agreed that human interaction played a significant role in shaping the subspecies.[4] Shortly after domestication, dogs became ubiquitous in human populations, and spread throughout the world. Emigrants from Siberia likely crossed the Bering Strait with dogs in their company, and some experts suggest that use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.[18]

The current consensus among biologists and archaeologists is that the dating of first domestication is indeterminate.[4][18] There is conclusive evidence that dogs genetically diverged from their wolf ancestors at least 15,000 years ago[19][20][21], but some believe domestication to have occurred earlier.[4] It is not known whether humans domesticated the wolf as such to initiate dog's divergence from its ancestors, or w

SirCannabisClock 2010-04-09 11:53:13

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SirCannabisClock 2010-04-09 16:39:22

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SirCannabisClock 2010-04-18 12:47:06

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SirCannabisClock 2010-04-25 19:19:59

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SirCannabisClock 2010-04-25 19:20:41

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SirCannabisClock 2010-04-26 23:09:41

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SirCannabisClock 2010-04-28 19:17:30

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SirCannabisClock 2010-05-06 17:44:00

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SirCannabisClock 2010-05-06 17:46:47

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SirCannabisClock 2010-05-14 22:42:33

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SirCannabisClock 2010-06-08 06:21:08

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